RESUMEN DE PAUL:
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GEOGRAPHY
POPULATION:
Distribution: describes the way in which people are spread out across the earth's surface.
Density: describes the number of people living in a given area, usually a square kilometre. Patterns of distribution and density are mainly affected by physical factors such as relief, climate, vegetation, soils, natural resources and water supply.
The population change depends mainly on the balance between the birth rate and the death rate. It is also affected by the migration.
Birth rate: is the average number of live births in a year for every 1000 people in the total population.
Death rate: is the average number of deaths per 1000 people in the population.
Natural increase: where the birth rate is the higher.
Natural decrease: where the death rate is the higher.
Life expectancy: is the number of years that average person born in a country can expect to live.
Population explosion: when the population increase fast.
Reasons of the high birth: children need to help with work on the land, many children die before their first birthday, lack of access to and insufficient money for the supply of contraceptives, etc.
Health care: it includes safer abortions and a reduction in infant mortality.
Women´s education and status: this delays marriage and gives women the right to decide between having more children or using birth control.
Replacement rate: is when there are just sufficient children born to balance the number of people that die.
One-child policy: it was decided to restrict it to 1 the number of child you can have in China, but they are some exceptions to this: if the first child was physically handicapped or died, if the first was a girl, if you pay a fine.
In the last years they was an increase in the life expectancy due to: improved standards of hygiene and health education, improvements in primary health care, new drugs and vaccines, better diets, advances in medical knowledge and techniques. This means that the people nowadays can live more than 50 years ago.
Anomaly: is something you would not expect, like Brasilia. It passed of having a low density of population, to a high density of population.
MIGRATION:
Migration: is a movement and in human terms usually means a change of home.
Permanent international migration: is the movement of people between countries.
Emigrants: are people who leave a country.
Immigrants: are those who arrive in a country.
Migration balance: is the difference between the numbers of emigrants and immigrants.
Net migration loss: lose more people through emigration than they gain by immigration.
Net migration gain: receive more people by immigration than they lose through emigration (population increase).
Voluntary migration: free movement of migrations looking for and improved quality of life and personal freedom (find a job, territorial expansion, trade and economic expansion, better climates).
Forced migration: is when the migrant has no personal choice but has to move due to natural disasters or to economic or social imposition (religious persecution, wars, forced labor as slaves, racial discrimination, natural disasters, etc).
Refugees: are people who have been forced to leave their home country for different reasons. They move to other countries hoping to find help and asylum.
Asylum seekers: People, who have left their home country, have applied to another country for recognition as a refugee and are awaiting a decision on their application.
Illegal immigrants: people who enter a country with the minimum of belongings and without personal documents such as passport.
Economic migrants: these are people who make a conscious choice to leave their home country knowing that they can return there if they wish without problems at a later date. This movement, wich they make voluntarily, is to find a better job.
CLIMATE:
Weather: is the hour-to-hour, day-to-day state of the atmosphere. It includes temperature, sunshine, cloud cover, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and wind direction.
Climate: is the average weather condition of a place taken over a period of time, often 30 years. It is long-term.
Britain has a variable climate; this means that the temperature, wind, etc is changing all the days wich makes it difficult to forecast. Britain is affected by 4 air masses (air remains stationary over a place for several days). This air masses are: polar maritime (cool and wet weather), polar continental (gives coo, and drier weather), tropical maritime (warm and wet conditions) and finally tropical continental (warms and dry conditions).
Factors affecting temperature: Latitude (places nearer to the Equator are much warmer), distance from the sea (the sea takes much longer to heat up in summer than does the land), prevailing winds (will bring warm weather if they pass over a warm surface and cold weather if they blow across cold surfaces), ocean currents and altitude (temperatures decrease, every 100 m in height temperature decrease 1ºC).
They are 4 types of rainfall: Relief (a cloud come from the sea, it founds with a mountain so it is forced to raise over it, in consequence the cloud cool and condensate), frontal (cool air founds with warm air, as the cool air have more density and the warm less, the warm air is forced to go up and it cools and condensate) and finally the convectional (in a sunny day the water evaporates from the land and it goes up, the water vapour cools and condenses into water).
Depressions: are areas of low pressure wich bringing rain, cloud and wind. It happens when a cool air and a warm air meets (NO LO ENTENDI).
Satellite images: are photos taken from the space and sent back to Earth. They are made to produce a weather forecast or predicting short-term changes in the weather.
Anticyclones: they can remain stationary for several days and, under extreme conditions, even weeks. Their main characteristics are opposite to those of depressions. In an anticyclone, air descends and pressure increases, winds are very light and blow in a clockwise direction.
Monsoon: it means a season.
Hurricanes: are areas of intensive low pressure. They tend to develop over warm tropical oceans, in late summer, etc. The effects are: winds, flooding, storm surges and landslides. The eye is the centre of the hurricane.
RIVERS:
Drainage basin: is an area of land drained by a main river and its tributaries. Ots boundary, marked by a ridge of higher land, is called a watershed.
Watershed: separates one drainage basin from neighboring drainage basins.
Hydrological cycle: it is this constant recycling of water between the sea, air and land.
Closed system: no water is added to or lost from the hydrological cycle.
Hydrograph: is a graph showing the discharge of a river at a given point over a period of time.
Load: is material transported by a river.
A river can transport its load by: traction (rolling stones along the bed), saltation (sand-sized particles bounce along the bed), suspension (silt and clay-sized particles are carried within the water flow) and finally solution (some minerals dissolve in the water).
Deposition: it occurs when a river lacks enough energy to carry its load.
Waterfalls: is when there is a sudden interruption in the course of a river, they may result from erosion.
Meanders: a river approaches its mouth it usually flows over flatter land and develops increasingly large bends.
Ox-bow Lake: continual erosion on the outside bends results in the neck of the meander getting narrower until the river cuts through the neck and shortens its course. This lake will slowly dry up, except during periods of heavy rain.
Deltas: large rivers approach the sea; they have enough energy to carry huge amounts of fine material in suspensions. In reaching the sea the river loss energy so the materials are deposited forming a delta.
COASTS:
Coast: is a narrow contact zone between land and sea. It is constantly changing due to the effects of land, air and marine processes (erosion).
Swash: it is called swash when a wave goes up to the coast transferring energy up the beach.
Backwash: is the same but the energy is returning down the beach.
Types of waves: constructive waves (have limited energy, with a strong swash but with a weak backwash) and the destructive wave (have much more energy, with a weak swash but with a strong backwash).
Headlands: it forms along coastlines where there are alternating outcrops of resistant and less resistant rock. The destructive waves erode the less resistant rocks forming bays (Bahia), and then it forms the headlands (peninsula).
Bays: is the same process as the headlands, the destructive waves erode the less resistant rock forming bays.
Wave-cut notch: it forms when the waves undercut the foot of the cliff forming the wave-cut notch.
Wave-cut platform: is the platform of the cliff.
Cave: a cave forms when the waves erode the cliff forming a hole. If it happens in a headland, it will form a natural arch.
Stack: the waves will continue erode the foot of the arch until its roof become too heavy to be supported, when the roof collapses it will leave a part of the former cliff isolated as a stack.
Stump: the stack will be eroded and the result will be leaving a stump.
Long shore drift: the waves carry materials up and down the beach, the major movement is along the coast and the waves will deposit sediments at the coast.
GLACIERS:
Zone of accumulation: is a sector where the inputs mainly occur.
Ablation: is when a glacier melts.
Types of erosion: abrasion (is when the material carried by a glacier rubs against and it wears away the sides and floor of the valley) and plucking (results from glacial ice freezing onto solid rock, as the glacier moves away it pull with it large pieces of rock).
Corries /cirques/cwms: are deep, rounded hollows with a steep back wall and a rock basin.
Rock lip: rocks are left at the side of the tarn (corrie) making them deeper.
Arêtes: when two or more corries developed back to back or side to side, they erode. The land between them gets narrower until a knife ridged ridge called arête is formed.
Pyramidal peak/horn: where three or more corries cut backwards into the same mountain, a horn develops.
Glacial trough: is where the glacial will pass; generally is the route of an old river.
Truncated spurs: the glacial will pass through the glacial through removing all the interlocking spurs, forming a truncated spur.
Hanging valleys: between the adjacent truncated spurs are hanging valleys (arroyos que salen del costado del rio).
Ribbon lakes: is the result of erosion when a glacier over-deepens part of its valley, and then it full of water.
Moraine: is material, wich is transported and later deposited by a glacier. They are 5 types of moraines: lateral moraine (material derived and is carried at the sides of the glacier), medial moraine (is found in the center of the glacier), ground moraine (is material dragged in the glacial floor, it is call till or boulder clay), terminal moraine (material deposited at the end of a glacier) and finally the recessional moraine (material deposited behind, and parallel to, the terminal moraine).
