Topics:
•Cell Respiration (s)
•Breathing System(s)
•Circulatory System(s)
•Excretatory System(s)
•Lymphatic Inmune System(s)
•Skin (s)
•Coordination (s)
RESUMENES ANTERIORES:
RESUMEN DE MATEO:
BIOLOGY
Respiration: cells need energy to make them happen. The energy comes from the food wich cells take in. Energy is produced from food is called respiration. Is a chemical process which takes place in cells.
Aerobic respiration: means that oxygen is needed for this chemical reaction.
Mitochondria: is in the mitochondria that the chemistry of aerobic respiration takes place. The mitochondria generate a compound called ATP, which divided other chemicals reactions in the cytoplasm and nucleus.
Anaerobic: means “in the absence of oxygen”.
Lactic acid: accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles may be one of the causes of muscular fatigue.
Metabolism: all the chemical changes taking place inside a cell or a living organism.
Catabolism: processes which break substances down.
Anabolism: chemical reaction which build up substances.
Circulatory system:
Composition of blood: blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets (they float in liquid called plasma).
Red blood cells: they are made of spongy cytoplasm enclosed in an elastic cell membrane. Inside the red cell is the hemoglobin.
Haemoglobin: is a protein combined with iron. Haemoglobin combines with oxygen in places where a high concentration is, to form oxyhaemoglobin.
Oxyhaemoglobin: is an unsuitable compound. It breaks down and releases its oxygen in places where the oxygen concentration is low. Is consider very useful because it carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.
Oxygenated blood: is blood which contains a lot of oxygen.
Deoxygenated blood: is blood which contains little oxygen.
White blood cells: they are several types of white cells; the most two more numerous are the lymphocytes and phagocytes.
Lymphocytes: one of the most important functions of this cell is to produce antibodies.
Phagocytes: they collect at the site of an infection, engulfing (ingesting) and digesting harmful bacteria and cell debris. In this way the prevent infections through the body.
Platelets: they help to clot the blood at wounds and so stop the bleeding.
Plasma: it is water with a large number of substances dissolved in it (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, fibrinogen, amino acids, glucose, etc)
Fibrinogen: is needed for clotting
Heart: pumps blood through the circulatory system all round the body.
Pulmonary vein: brings oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium.
Vena cava: brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium.
Coronary arteries: supplied with food and oxygen the heart muscle.
Control of the heart rate: the normal heart rate may lie between 50 and 100 beat per minute, during exercise the rate may increase to 200 per minute.
Adrenaline: it also affects the heart rate; in conditions of excitement adrenaline is released into the blood circulation from the adrenal glands.
Pulmonary circulation: is the circulation through the lungs.
Arteries: they are fairly wide, overleaf, which carry blood from the heart to the limbs and organs of the body. They have elastic tissue and muscle fibers in their thick walls.
Arterioles: the arteries divides into smaller vessels called arterioles.
Capillaries: the arterioles divide repeatedly to form a branching network. They are tiny vessels, they are permeable. Some fluid escape from the capillaries, is called tissue fluid (similar to plasma but contains less proteins).
Veins: return blood from the tissues to the heart. They are wider and their walls are thinner, less elastic and less muscular than those of the arteries (blood in most veins is deoxygenated).
Blood pressure: the pumping action of the heart produces a pressure which drives blood round the circulatory system.
Lymphatic system: it delivers fats around the body Lymphocytes Mature in the Lymphatic System (puse maso menos lo que entendi).
Spleen: It contains lymphatics and blood vessels. Its mains functions are to: remove worn-out red cells, bacteria and produce lymphocytes and antibodies.
Thymus: it controls the development of the spleen and lymph nodes. It produces lymphocytes and is the main centre for providing immunity against harmful micro-organism.
Clotting: when tissues are damaged and blood vessels cut, platelets clump together and block the smaller capillaries. The platelets produce a substance called fibrinogen.
Fibrinogen: the fibrinogen is changed into fibrin, which forms a network of fibers across the wound.
Antibodies: it attacks the antigens of bacteria or any alien cells or proteins which invade the body. They are very specific.
Transplants: when they transplant some organ to you, is better if that organ was of a brother, or some parent of you.
Atheroma: in the lining of the large and medium arteries, deposits of a fatty substance and they are laid down in patches. If you don’t do anything at the respect, is possible that the artery blocks and the blood or oxygen can arrive to the brain, and you finish dyeing.
Coronary artery: is the same as the atheroma, the artery block and the oxygen and blood cant arrived to your heart, and you finish dyeing.
BREATHING:
Lung structure: they are enclosed in the thorax. They have a spongy texture and can be expanded and compressed by movements of the thorax in such a way that air is sucked in and blown out.
Epiglottis: is at the top of the trachea and stop food and drink from entering the air passages then we swallow.
Diaphragm: is a sheet of tissue which separates the thorax from the abdomen. When relaxed, it is domed slightly upwards.
Intercostal muscle: they move the ribs. The external intercostals pull the ribs upwards and outwards. The internal intercostals pull them downwards and inwards.
EXCRETION:
Excretion: is the name given from the body of: the waste products of its chemical reactions, the excess water and salts taken in with the diet and spent hormones.
Lungs: they supply the body with oxygen, but they are also excretory organs because they get rid of carbon dioxide.
Kidneys: the kidneys remove urea and other nitrogenous waste from the blood.
Liver: the yellow/green bile pigment, bilirubin, is a breakdown product of haemoglobin.
Skin: sweat consists of water. When you sweat, you will expel these substances from your body and so they are being excreted. However the skin is not a excretory organ.
Kidneys structure: the renal artery enters to the kidneys bringing oxygenated blood to them. The renal vein takes deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys to the vena cava. A tube, called the ureter, runs from each kidney to the bladder taking all the waste products.
The kidney consists of many capillaries and tiny tubes, called renal tubules. The renal artery divides up into a great many arterioles and capillaries. Each arteriole leads to a glomerulus. Each glomerulus is entirely surrounded by a cup-shaped organ called a renal capsule, which leads to the renal tubule.
Nephron: is a single glomerulus with its renal capsule, renal tubule and blood capillaries.
Function of the kidney: the main function of the kidney is to clean the blood.
Selective reabsorption: is the process of absorbing back the substances needs by the body, like glucose.
Bladder: it holds all the urine and when you have to pi, the sphincter muscle relaxes and the urine goes out through the urethra.
Osmoregulation: the hypothalamus (an area in the brain) detects changes in the concentration of the blood. If the blood passing through the brain is too concentrated, the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland. When this hormone reaches the kidneys, it causes the kidney tubules to absorb more water from the glomerulus filtrate back into the blood. So the urine becomes more concentrated and less water is loss.
Dialysis machine: of your dirty vein, the blood goes through a tube into a “box”. That box is a tank of water, salts and glucose. In some part of the tank the solution is changed, because the waste products of the blood diffuse out. Then the clean blood pass through a smaller tank that the bubbles trapped and stay there. Finally the clean blood arrived to the vein of the person.
SKIN:
In the basal layer some of the cells are continually dividing and pushing the older cells nearer the surface. Here they die and are shed at the same rate as they are replaced. The basal layer and the cells above it constitute the epidermis.
Melanin: is a black pigment, which gives the skin its colour. The more melanin, the darker is the skin.
Dermis: it contains connective tissue with hair follicles, etc.
Protection of the skin: the dead cells of the epidermis help to reduce water loss and provide a barrier against bacteria. The pigment cells protect the skin from damage by the ultraviolet rays in sunlight.
Sensitivity: along the skin, they are a large numbers of tiny sense organs; wich gives rise to sensations of touch, pressure, heat, cold and pain.
Temperature regulation: the skin helps to keep the body temperature more or less constant.
Temperature control: the normal human body temperature varies between 36ºC and 37ºC. If the temperature is below or above, is consider dangerous. Heat is lost from the body from conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation. Heat is gained, internally, from the process of respiration, from the surroundings or from the sun.
Overheating: vasodilatation (the blood flow near the skin surface and so lose more heat), sweating (when this layer of liquid evaporates, it takes heat from the body and cools it down).
Overcooling: vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessels in the skin reduces the amount of warm blood flowing near the surface), sweat production stops (thus the heat lost by evaporation is reduced) and shivering (uncontrollable bursts of rapid muscular contraction in the limbs release heat as a result of respiration in the muscles).
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